Chapter 15: Clauses
1. Clause Kya Hai? (The Building Block)
Role: Ek Clause words ka woh group hai jismein ek **Subject** aur ek **Verb** hota hai. Yeh sentence ka **zaroori hissa** hota hai.
- Hinglish Example: Main yahan **kaam karta hoon** (I work here).
Clauses Ke Prakar (Main Types)
Clauses do (2) tarah ke hote hain, aur inhi se **complex sentences** bante hain:
- Main/Independent Clause: Yeh woh clause hai jo **akela khada ho sakta hai** aur **poora matlab** deta hai.
Example: The train arrived. - Subordinate/Dependent Clause: Yeh woh clause hai jo **poora matlab nahi deta** aur **Main Clause par depend** karta hai.
Yeh hamesha Subordinating Conjunction (jaise: *because, when, that, who*) se shuru hota hai.
Example: **When the train arrived** (Kya hua jab train aayi? Matlab adhoora hai).
Complex Sentence Example: When the train arrived (Dependent), we started the journey (Independent).
2. Subordinate Clauses Ke Types (The Three Functions)
Dependent Clause teen (3) tarah ke hote hain, aur yeh sentences mein **Noun, Adjective, ya Adverb** ki tarah kaam karte hain:
| Clause Type & Role | Identify Kaise Karein (The Conjunction) | Example (Hinglish $\rightarrow$ English) |
|---|---|---|
| A. Noun Clause (संज्ञा उपवाक्य) Role: Sentence mein **Noun** ki tarah kaam karta hai (Subject/Object/Complement). |
'What' ka jawab deta hai. Yeh aksar 'that', 'who', 'what', 'where' se shuru hota hai. | Jo kuch usne kaha, woh sach tha. $\rightarrow$ What he said was true. (Subject ki jagah) |
| B. Adjective Clause (विशेषण उपवाक्य) Role: Sentence mein **Adjective** ki tarah kaam karta hai, yaani Noun ya Pronoun ko **describe** karta hai. |
Noun ke theek baad aata hai. Yeh aksar Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) se shuru hota hai. | Woh ladka jo kal aaya tha, mera bhai hai. $\rightarrow$ The boy who came yesterday is my brother. (Boy ko describe kar raha hai) |
| C. Adverb Clause (क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य) Role: Sentence mein **Adverb** ki tarah kaam karta hai. Batata hai ki action **kab, kahan, kyun, ya kis shart par** hua. |
Yeh aksar when, where, because, although, if se shuru hota hai. | Hum ruk gaye kyunki traffic tha. $\rightarrow$ We stopped because there was traffic. (Batata hai 'stopped' action kyun hua) |
🔑 Chapter 15 Takeaway
Clauses aapki baat ko **detailed aur complex** banate hain. Jab aap Noun, Adjective, aur Adverb Clauses ka sahi use sikh lete hain, toh aapki English sirf simple sentences tak **seemit nahi rehti**. Yeh advanced level hai! 😉