Chapter 13: Narration (Direct & Indirect Speech)
Narration ka matlab hai kisi ke words ko report (pesh) karna. Iske do tareeke hote hain:
1. Direct Speech (Asli Words)
Jab hum kisi ke words ko **same to same (exactly)** bolte hain, bina koi change kiye. Ismein hamesha **Inverted Commas (" ")** ka use hota hai.
- Structure: Reporting Verb + "Quote"
- Hinglish Example: Usne kaha, "Main busy hoon."
- English Example: She said, "I am busy."
2. Indirect Speech (Reported Words)
Jab hum kisi ke words ko apne tareeke se (apne shabdon mein), time aur context ko badal kar, report karte hain. Yahan Inverted Commas hat jaate hain aur aksar **'that'** ka use hota hai.
- Structure: Reporting Verb + that + Changed Quote (Tense/Pronoun changed)
- Hinglish Example: Usne kaha ki woh busy thi.
- English Example: She said that she was busy.
3. Direct se Indirect Mein Badlav ke Mukhya Niyam 🔄
Direct se Indirect mein jaate samay, **teen (3) main changes** karne hote hain:
A. Tense Ka Badlav (Tense Change) 🕰️
Agar Reporting Verb (jaise *said*) **Past Tense** mein ho, toh Quoted Speech ka Tense bhi **change** hota hai:
| Direct Tense | Indirect Tense Mein Badalta Hai | Example (Active $\rightarrow$ Passive) |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past | "I eat." $\rightarrow$ He said that he ate. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | "I am eating." $\rightarrow$ He said that he was eating. |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect | "I ate." $\rightarrow$ He said that he had eaten. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | "I have eaten." $\rightarrow$ He said that he had eaten. |
| Future (will) | Conditional (would) | "I will eat." $\rightarrow$ He said that he would eat. |
💡 Exception:
Agar quote koi universal truth (sach) ya aadat ho, toh Tense **change nahi hota**. (e.g., He said, "The earth is round." $\rightarrow$ He said that the earth is round.)
B. Pronouns Ka Badlav (Pronoun Change) 👤
Pronouns speaker aur listener ke hisaab se badalte hain:
- First Person (I, We) $\rightarrow$ Subject ke anusaar badalta hai.
Direct: He said, "I am happy."
Indirect: He said that he was happy. - Second Person (You) $\rightarrow$ Object/Listener ke anusaar badalta hai.
Direct: She said to me, "You are late."
Indirect: She told me that I was late.
C. Time Aur Place Ke Words Ka Badlav (Time/Place Change) 🗺️
Nazdeeki (nearness) batane wale words doori (distance) batane wale words mein badal jaate hain:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Now (Ab) | Then (Tab) |
| Today (Aaj) | That day (Uss din) |
| Tomorrow (Kal) | The next day (Agle din) |
| Yesterday (Kal) | The previous day (Pichle din) |
| Here (Yahan) | There (Wahan) |
| This (Yeh) | That (Woh) |
4. Sawal Aur Aadesh (Questions and Commands) Report Karna
- Questions (Interrogative): 'said to' ki jagah **'asked'** use hota hai. Agar sawal 'yes/no' wala hai, toh **'if' ya 'whether'** lagta hai.
Direct: He said, "Are you fine?"
Indirect: He **asked if I was** fine. - Commands/Requests (Imperative): 'said to' ki jagah **'ordered' ya 'requested'** use hota hai, aur **'to'** laga kar verb ko joda jaata hai.
Direct: She said to him, "Open the door."
Indirect: She **told him to open** the door.
🔑 Chapter 13 Takeaway
Narration ka matlab hai **Tense, Pronoun aur Time/Place words ko backward move karna**. Tense change karna aur sahi **Reporting Verb (said, asked, ordered, told)** chunna hi is chapter ki mastery hai. Practice zaroori hai! 😉